Английский язык для строительных специальностей луговая онлайн. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов строительных профессий

Основной целью данного методического пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению и пониманию аутентичных текстов по специальности. Тематика текстов охватывает основные строительные понятия, историю предмета и развития строительного дела, современные строительные технологии.

Скачать:

Предварительный просмотр:

1.Введение…………………………………………………………..2.

2.Lesson1.”Сivil Engineering”…………………………………….3.

3.Lesson2.”From the history of building”………………………..8.

4.Lesson3.”Construction works”………………………………….13.

5. Список использованной литературы………………………...19.

Введение.

Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов строительных специальностей и составлено в соответствии с требованиями учебной программы.

Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей: практической и теоретической, дополнительных текстов с заданиями, англо-русского и русско-английского словаря.

Каждый урок имеет определенную структуру: лексическая часть включает основной текст, словарь и комментарий для активного усвоения лексики урока, а также лексические и послетекстовые упражнения различного типа. Кроме того, урок содержит комплекс грамматических упражнений, направленных на введение и закрепление нового и повторение пройденного грамматического материала. К каждому уроку даются дополнительные тексты, тематически связанные с основным. Это дает возможность расширить лексический запас и кругозор студентов по каждой теме.

Учебное пособие также включает задания, ориентированные на формирование навыков монологической речи.

Англо-русский и русско-английский словари содержат терминологию по строительной специальности, необходимую для понимания аутентичных текстов.

Lesson 1.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

1 . Read and translate the text

Civil Engineering

The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-

Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineering"

as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.

Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of

designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied

*in a more extended sense.1 It is applied also to the art of

executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture,

in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering

is divided into many branches. The most important of them

are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine,

and sanitary engineering.

While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two centuries,

the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It

started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand

clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us

consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.

Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces

of nature have always been necessary for the people from the

prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the

elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the

work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military

engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there

were two main branches of engineering - civil and military. T h e

former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly

connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,

while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials

in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with

new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial

Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical

inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.

It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,

etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine

and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested

in the practical application of the science of mechanics and

thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves

from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".

With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared

another branch of the engineering - electrical engineering. It is

devided now into two main branches: communications engineering

and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new

branches of engineering - nuclear engineering and space engineering.

The former is based on atomic physics, the latter - on the

achievements of modern science and engineering.

At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but

they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the

widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering

as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the

present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical

engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining

engineering.

*Here are some fields of civil engineering3:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed

structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams

and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the

field of civil engineering.

2 . Key vocabulary / expressions

appliance -n приспособление, прибор

apply -v обращаться (for -за помощью, справкой

и т.д. to - ккому-л)

branch - п ветвь; филиал; отрасль

concern (with)-v" касаться, относиться; интересовать

conflict with nature ["neitja] - противоречить природе,

бороться с природой

deal (with) -v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л.

divide (into) - v делить, разделять

distinguish (from)-v отличать

execute - v выполнять

harbour ["ha:ba] - n гавань

lead (to)-v вести (к)

protect oneself against - защищаться от чего-л.

sustain -v поддерживать; выдерживать

3. Word construction (Different ways to construct words)

Translate the words keeping in mind their suffixes and

prefixes.

military - non-military - militarisation; enumerate - enumeration;

decide - decision-decision-maker; invent - inventor-invention;

apply - appliance - application; explain - explanatory -

explanation;

build - builder - building -rebuilt; achieve - achievement;

construct - constructor-construction - constructive-reconstruct

4 . General understanding. Answer the questions

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?

4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

5 . Translate from English into Russian

1. The ancient Greeks put a high premium on building skills.

2. The Babylonians of 1800 B.C. hammered out their messages

on stone tablets.

3. He will graduate from the university in five years.

4. Construction business also has lots of competition.

5.1 hope she will be back from her trip to Europe next week.

6. The Brooklyn Bridge was remarkable not only for the first

use of the pneumatic caisson but also the introduction of steel

wire.

7. Architecturally, Venice is very beautiful.

8. I"ll take care of this matter personally.

9. Are you going to work as a civil engineer in five years?

10. Many centuries ago man learned to shape clay into blocks.

11. The Twelve Apostles are high rocks in the sea area of Australia.

12. A lot of various modern materials are widely used in civil

engineering now.

6 . Translate from Russian into English

1. Студенты вашей группы посещают все лекции?

2. Я знаю много английских слов.

3. Мы пойдем на дискотеку вечером?

4. Аня много помогает мне с переводом английских текстов.

5. Вы купили этот учебник вчера или позавчера?

5. Лекция продлится два академических часа.

6. Студенты обычно повторяют новые слова перед уроком.

7. Мой друг поступил в политехнический институт в

прошлом году.

8. Два года назад мы и не слышали об этом

9. Никогда не видела, чтобы он что-нибудь читал.

10. Я буду очень рада, если вы придете.

11. Занятия в университете всегда начинаются ровно в 8.30 утра.

CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISES

(Grammar appendix p.p. 200-212)

Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct.

Some are incorrect. First, find the correct sentences and mark

them with a check (v). Then find the incorrect sentences, and

correct them.

Nouns. Revise all the material concerning nouns.

1. The life comes from and depends on the nature.

2. The students at the university are also assigned homeworks.

3. Dam is a wall constructed across a valley to enclose an area

in which water is stored.

4. The light travels in a straight line.

5.1 prefer having my coffee with the milk.

6. The peace in the world is the goal of all nations.

7. They were accustomed to speak the English at home at that

time.

8. The happiness is an abstract notion.

9. Staring at a computer screen for long periods of times can

cause severe eyestrain.

10. The water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and freezes at 32

degrees Fahrenheit.

11. The mathematics were her favourite subject at school.

12. She is the good economist.

13. She is such the clever girl.

14. A director wants to see you.

15. The Washington is the capital of the USA.

Pronouns. Revise all the material concerning pronouns.

1. His dances well to who fortune pipes.

2. The bus leaves their at the corner.

3. Didn"t you know that it was us who played the joke?

4. They completely rely on you helping.

5.1 never saw she in such a terrible state.

6. If his has any possibility to help you, he will do it.

7. After Betty graduated from Business school, her opened a

bookstore.

8. We know that Leif Erickson and his Norwegian companions

were the first white men to land on the North American coast in

1000 A.D.

9. It was she, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, whose led

England into the age of Empire.

TIME FOR FUN

1. Read the text

What is home?

(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)

A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind?

Floors to keep out the cold?

Yes, but home is more than that. It"s the laugh of a baby, the song

of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light

from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship.

Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they

learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for

comfort when they are hurt or sick.

Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers

are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the

simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where

money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the teakettle

sings from happiness.

That is home. Sweet home.

God bless it.

2. Tell the group what is a home for YOU?

PRO VERBS AND SA YINGS TO THE TOPIC

3. Read, translate and memorise the following:

East or West-home is best.

There is no other place like home.

4. Read and try to retell the anecdotes changing Direct

Speech into Indirect, (see Grammar Appendix p.p. 226-229)

Once a schoolgirl was at a dinner party. She was next to a very

famous astronomer at the table and she decided to talk to him.

"What do you do in life?" she asked.

"I study astronomy", he answered.

"Dear me!" exclaimed the young lady, "I finished astronomy

last year".

п..

A rich American banker asked a well-known painter to do a little

thing for his album. The painter did it and asked a hundred dollars.

"Why", cried the banker, "it took you only five minutes to do it".

"Yes", answered the painter, "but it took me thirty years to learn

how to do it in five minutes".

Lesson 2.

FROM THE HISTORY

OF BUILDING

Read and translate the text

From the History of Building

Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people

live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes

in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In

colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and

trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as

mud, wood or stones.

Later people found otit that bricks made of mud and dried in the

hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially,

people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of

their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

The aacient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building

purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest

tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1, king of Egypt. The ancient

Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate

their kings or pharaohs.

The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut

stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They

often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration.

Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in

Greece.

Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony

and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces

the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.

The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In

road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected

aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions

аre used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of

t boldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material

vJSed all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the

J^cmans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, production:

it"s shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or

r ectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched

caning at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be

v^ithdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely

inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some

P laces of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian

\^all, which was erected to protect the Romans from the celtic tribes

irlthe first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire

f£>raboat four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to

remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.

By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who

suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon

with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number

of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths

of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in

K-Ome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperoA

In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete

to the position of the main structural material in the empire.

It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of

tfre great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge

of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but

rr»ention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2.

Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction

was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and

the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued

in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London

Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted

of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad

foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3.

The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of

which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.

During the last hundred years many new methods of building have

been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness

of steel as a building material.

Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the

frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in

concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than

brick or natural stone and much stronger than they areiThe earliest

findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times

were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction

of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences

that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.

The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back

as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use4 it throughout the

ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions

made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long

life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete

people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which

were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations

and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete". The idea of such

building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks

as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

2. A few explanations to the text

1... .pyramid of Khufu ["ku"fu:] - пирамида Хуфу

2. ...to withstand the Thames current. - ...чтобы

противостоять течению Темзы.

3. .. .but mention was made of it in the writings of architects

from time to time - но время от времени можно встретить

упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.

4. They were the first to use... - они первыми использовали

5 on a pretty large scale- в довольно широких

Масштабах

3 . Key vocabulary /expressions

art of building - искусство строить

brick - n кирпич

borrow ["borou] - v (from) занимать, заимствовать

concrete ["konkrit] - n бетон,

dome - n купол

4 . Find the corresponding Russian meaning of the international

words given above in ex.5. Start compiling your own

vocabulary of international words.

ex. business ["biznis]

1) бизнес, торговля, коммерческая деятельность

2) коммерческое, торговое предприятие, фирма

3) (выгодная) сделка

4) дело, занятие, профессия

5. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

sun-dried mud bricks

timber piles:

pseudo concrete

the ruins of Pompeii

harmony and pure beauty

6. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following

Russian

доисторические времена.

римский период

бесполезность использования стали

в качестве строительного материала

грубо обтесанный камень

они первыми использовали

недавние открытия

в довольно широких масштабах

10. Comparison.

10.1. Read and translate the sentences

1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to

study before exams.

2. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the

classroom.

3. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.

4. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.

5. The less you speak, the more you hear.

6. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as

today so in the ancient world.

7. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.

8. The people began to build houses of different materials such

as mud, wood, or stone.

9. After that procedure bricks became almost as hard as stones.

10. Concrete is much stronger than brick or natural stone.

11. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences.

1. This student translates well, (who? how?)

2. His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?)

3. She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)

4. He is the best student of our group because he works hard,

(why?)

5. They will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)

6. I like to read newspapers, (what?)

7: We saw this film a week ago, (what? when?)

8. The teacher gave her two interestingmagazines. (whom? how

many? what?)

12 . Finish the questions

1 . We have to sign this, ?

2. Let"s go home, ?

3. You can"t speak French, ?

4. He ought .to go to Moscow, ?

5. He will meet us at the airport, ?

6. Students have to register before the end of the first week of

class, ?

7. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in

October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings

Time,

READ FOR FUN

Which word is shorter if you put another syllable on the end?

Oh, there" s no answer to that question. You can"t make a

word shorter by putting a syllable on the end.

Oh, yes, you can. It"s the word "short". If you put the syllable-

er on the end, it"s shorter.

2. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into

Indirect

A tramp is asking a farmer for work.

"You can gather eggs for me", says the farmer, "if you don"t

steal any".

"Sir", answers the tramp with tears in his eyes", you can trust

me. For twenty years I was a manager of a bathhouse and I

never took a bath".

Lesson 3.

CONSTRUCTION WORKS

1. Read and translate the text

Construction Works

The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their

owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple-a roof to

keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.

The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications:

they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.

As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided

into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artifical

material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone

(rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external

walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are

durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories

are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they

are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.

The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to

keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to

the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give

strength and firmness to the construction.

Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional

in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements

of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any

excesses.

Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation

and heating system.

Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of

this problem is called water supply and the second one is called

drainage or Sewerage.

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *followed

its progress with interest1. First the excavation is dug for the

basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed;

after this the framework is erected and clothed with various

finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the

framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The

floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully

designed and proportioned.

The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls,

the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the

framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.

Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.

V Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with

the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent thefn from

sinking and setting which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.

Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber

or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built

to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls

may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction

can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather.

They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different

facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to

design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission

a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility

for the project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey

and design work, as well as to work out *basic and detailed engi-

neering2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor"s highly

qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction

works, carrying out installation, *start-up and adjustment

operations3.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts,

that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are

specified in the technical handbooks.

As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed

and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor

notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor

begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does

the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning

to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance.

Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee

test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met.

As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could

normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving

several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They

are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for

the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

2. A few explanations to the text

1... .followed its progress with interest.-с интересом следил

за его ростом

2. basic and detailed engineering - выполнение проектной

документации

3. starting up and adjustment operations-пуско-наладочные

Работы

3. Key vocabulary / expressions

basement ["beizmant] -и фундамент, основание; подвал

beam - n балка, балансир

cause - n причина, сторона

coat - п покрытие, ~ слой (краски)

commission-v пускать в эксплуатацию

contractor- п подрядчик

designed performance - проектная мощность

foundation - п основание, фундамент

framework ["freimwa:k] - п конструкция, структура

girder [" ga:da]- п поясная балка, прогон

precornrnissioning works-предпусковые работы

spare parts-v запасные части

timber ["timba] - п лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка

4. Learn to recognize the international words. Give Russian

equivalents to the following words without a dictionary

plan

occupant ["okjupsnt]

process

part

bank

pneumatic

guarentee

ventilation

canal ["kaenal]

factor ["faekta]

strategy ["straetac^i]

provision [ргэЧ^зэп]

concept [" konsspt]

position

dranaige ["draenicrj]

control

conductor

commission (ks"mijn]

5. Test your own attention. Find English equivalents in the

text

огнеупорный материал

бутовая кладка

различные отделочные материалы

защитить несколькими слоями краски

нулевой цикл

сертификат о завершении строительства.

строительство "под ключ"

проектно-изыскательские работы

местные и иностранные субподрядчики_

6. General understanding. Answer the guestions to the text

1. What purpose is the natural stone used for?

2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick?

3. Should the coverings tie the walls?

4. What must every building be?

5. What are the main parts of a building?

6. What are their functions?

7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?

8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?

9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?

10. How is a turnkey contract usually won?

11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about?

12. What building professions have you come across in the text?

Translate the following words keeping in mind their prefixes

enclose, enable, encounter, enact, emplane, encamp, embank,

encase, enchant, encircle, embody, empoison, encompass, encapsulate,

enclose, embed, empurple, enrich.

State to what part of speech the following words belong

according to their suffixes.

builder, appearance, possible, action, carefully, structure, com-"

petitor, equipment, military, deployment, specific, customer,

hydraulic, competitive, remember, consistency, character, assistant,

electrical, clearly, energy, useful, building.

Translate the following words as nouns and as verbs.

change, design, mention, place, manufacture, state, engineer,

use, target, base

Match the verb to the correct preposition

1. conflict

2. protect

3. distinguish

4. find

5. concern

6. divide

7. lead

8. borrow

9. intend

10. deal

a) against

b)into

c) with

d)to

e)out

f)at

g) from

h)for

7. Translate the sentences with MODAL VERBS or their

EQUIVALENTS.

1. The walls may be solid or hollow.

2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick,

stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain

himself in the conflict with nature.

4. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.

5. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects

had to use concrete in their structures.

6. The production of many building materials is to be increased.

7. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.

8. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must

be carefully designed and proportioned.

9. Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into

two main sections- winter and summer.

10. To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount

of motion.

11. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute

the heat uniformly throughout the rooms.

12. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of

pyramids.

8. Translate the sentences with the construction "there

is/are, etc".

1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the

city.

2. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.

3. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of

Julus Ceasar.

4. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining

in Rome till nowadays.

5. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as

people live in today.

6. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year.

7. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in

the building purposes.

8. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue

after its reconstruction.

9. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in

many parts of Canberra.

3 . Read and discuss the anecdote with your partner

Joseph Turner was a great English painter. He had a dog. He

liked his dog very much.

One day he was playing with his dog. Suddenly the dog broke his

leg. Turner sent for a well-known doctor.

When the doctor came, Turner said, "Doctor, my dog has broken

his leg. I know that you are too good for this work but please do it. It

is so important to me".

The doctor was angry but he did not show it.

The next day the doctor asked Turner to come to his place. Turner

promised to come as he thought that the doctor wanted to see him

about his dog.

When Turner came to the doctor"s house, the doctor said, "Mr.

Turner, I"m so glad to see you. I"d like to ask you to paint my door.

I know that you are too good for this work but, please, do it. It is so

important to me".

Основные источники:

Тимофеев В.Г., Вильнер А.Б., Колесникова И.Л. и др. Учебник английского языка для 10 класса (базовый уровень) / под ред. В.Г. Тимофеева. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 261, 2007.
Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский и русско-английский. – М.: Эксмо , p.698, 2008.
Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Student’s book - Express Publishing, р. 145, 2007
Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Student’s CD - Express Publishing, p. 157, 2007
Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Workbook student’s book - Express Publishing, p. 97, 2007

Дополнительные источники:

базовые курсы

Global Beginner Coursebook. Кейт Пикеринг, Джеки Макэвой, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, 2010 Global Elementary Coursebook. Линдсей Кленфилд, Ребекка Роб Бени, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 198, 2010
Global Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Линдсей Кленфилд, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 199, 2010
In Company Second Edition, Elementary Student"s Book with CD-Rom. Саймон Кларк - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 240, 2010
In Company Second Edition, Pre-intermediate Student"s Book with CD-Rom. Саймон Кларк - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 137, 2009
Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 1 Student’s / Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p. 128
Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 2 Student’s / Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p.128
Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 3 Student’s
Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 4 Student’s /Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p. 136

профильные курсы

Macmillan Guide to Science. Е.Э. Кожарская - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 137, 2008
Career Paths: Hotel Catering , Express Publishing, 2011,p.120
Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley – Veronica Garza Career Paths: Tourism E xpress Publishingpages: p.120Macmillan Guide to Science. Е.Э. Кожарская - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 137, 2008
Macmillan Guide to Economics. Л.К. Раицкая - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 145, 2007
Basic Survival, International Communication for Professional People, Peter Viney, Macmillan, p. 127, 2010
Серия Oxford English for careers (Pre-Int, Int, Upper-Int. MID A2 to B2) – OUP, p. 145, 2009
Oxford Business Dictionary(Upper-Int to Advanced B1 to C2) – OUP, p. 478, 2009
О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова «Английский язык для строителей», 2004г.

Производитель: "ФЕНИКС"

Серия: "Высшее образование"

Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия - развитие и совершенствование умения читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по специальности, а также навыков устной речии аудирования в пределах пройденной тематики. Уделяется особое внимание расширению словарного запаса по строительному делу, изучению и тренировке грамматическихструктур, которые характеризуются высокой частотностью употребления в научной речи. Предназначено для студентов инженерно-строительных вузов, может быть рекомендовано магистрантам, аспирантам, научным работникам и широкому кругу специалистов-практиков, желающих повысить свой уровень владения профессиональным английскимязыком. ISBN:978-5-222-18653-4

Издательство: "ФЕНИКС" (2011)

ISBN: 978-5-222-18653-4

Купить за 253 грн (только Украина) в

Другие книги схожей тематики:

Автор	Описание	Год	Цена	Тип книги
Гарагуля Сергей Иванович	Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия … - Феникс, Высшее образование	2015	204	бумажная книга
Гарагуля С.	Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия -… - Феникс, (формат: Твердая глянцевая, 347 стр.)	2015	225	бумажная книга
Гарагуля Сергей Иванович	Высшее образование	2011	253	бумажная книга
С. И. Гарагуля	Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия … - Феникс, (формат: 84x108/32, 352 стр.) Высшее образование	2013	308	бумажная книга
Гарагуля Сергей Иванович	Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия … - ФЕНИКС, (формат: Твердая глянцевая, 347 стр.) Высшее образование	2013	169	бумажная книга
Гарагуля Сергей Иванович	Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель учебного пособия … - ФЕНИКС, (формат: Твердая глянцевая, 347 стр.) Высшее образование	2015	204	бумажная книга
Гарагуля, Сергей Иванович	- Феникс, (формат: 208.00mm x 132.00mm x 20.00mm, 347 стр.) высшее образование	2016	443	бумажная книга

См. также в других словарях:

Пахомов, Михаил Владимирович - В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Пахомов. Пахомов Михаил Владимирович (11 мая 1976, Петрозаводск, Карельская АССР) – член Президиума общероссийской общественной организации малого и среднего предпринимательства «Опора России»,… … Википедия

Соединённые Штаты Америки - Соединенные Штаты Америки США, гос во в Сев. Америке. Название включает: геогр. термин штаты (от англ, state государство), так в ряде стран называют самоуправляющиеся территориальные единицы; определение соединенные, т. е. входящие в федерацию,… … Географическая энциклопедия

Германия - Федеративная Республика Германии (ФРГ), гос во в Центр. Европе. Германия (Germania) как территория, заселенная герм, племенами, впервые упоминается Пифеем из Массалии в IV в. до н. э. Позже название Германия использовалось для обозначения рим.… … Географическая энциклопедия

Нижнетагильская государственная социально-педагогическая академия - (НТГСПА) Прежние названия Нижнетагильский учительский институт (до 1952), Нижнетагильский государственный педагогический институт (до 2003) … Википедия

Бразилия - 1) столица Бразилии. Новый город, построенный специально как столица гос ва Brasil, получил название Brasilia, производное от названия гос ва. На русск. язык название столицы передается с окончанием ия Бразилия, т. е. различия, имеющиеся в португ … Географическая энциклопедия

Московский государственный университет путей сообщения - Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке. Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей … Википедия

Молдавская Советская Социалистическая Республика - (Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ) Молдавия (Молдова). I. Общие сведения Молдавская ССР образована первоначально как Молдавская АССР в составе УССР 12 октября 1924; 2 августа 1940, после воссоединения… … Большая советская энциклопедия

Стекло - У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Стекло (значения). Скифос. Цветное стекло. Восточное Средиземноморье. Первая половина I в. Эрмитаж … Википедия

Египет - Арабская Республика Египет, Миср, гос во на С. В. Африки и на Синайском п ове Азии. Название Египет известно с III тыс. до н. э. Оно восходит к др. егип. Кипет черная земля, что противопоставляло долину Нила с ее плодородной почвой красной земле … Географическая энциклопедия

Армения - У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Армения (значения). Республика Армения Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն … Википедия

Данное методическое пособие, предназначено для студентов 3 курсов средних профессиональных учебных заведений, в программу которых входит изучение современных отраслей строительного дела.

Целью пособия является обучение студентов строительных специальностей чтению и переводу (в том числе с использованием словаря) литературы по разным отраслям строительства. Кроме того, пособие имеет целью обучение элементарных умениям говорения. Для достижения этих целей в пособии предусмотрена регулярная, учебная деятельность по созданию словаря активной лексики, включающего употребительные в данной специальности термины и слова общетехнического значения. Кроме того, предусмотрена учебная деятельность, направленная на формирование основ потенциального словаря.

В основу пособия положен принцип коммуникативно-деятельностного обучения, поэтому в центре внимания находится материал, направленный на формирование коммуникативной компетенции в сфере профессионального общения.

Скачать:

Предварительный просмотр:

Учебное пособие

По английскому языку

Для внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы

Студентов III курса

Составитель:

Камалтдинова Г.А.

Краснодар, 2011г.

Министерство образования и науки РФ

Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение

Среднего профессионального образования

Учебное пособие

По английскому языку

для внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы

Студентов III курса

по специальности «Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений»

Краснодар, 2011г.

Рассмотрена

на заседании цикловой комиссии

филологических дисциплин

Протокол №3

Председатель ЦПК

Устинова Л.Е.

I. Введение

II. Пояснительная записка

III. Основная часть

Тема №1. WHY DO PEOPLE BUILD?
Тема №2 EXCAVATION
Тема №3 FOUNDATION
Тест №1
Тема №4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.
Тема №5 WOOD.
Тема №6 TIMBER.
Тема №7 METALS.
Тема №8 FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS
Тема №9 STELL, ALUMINUM. ALUMINA
Тема №10 BRICK. TERRACOTTA. CERAMIC TILES.
Тест №2
Тема №11 CONCRETE.
Тест №3
Тексты для аудирования.

IV. Заключение

V. Список используемой литературы

Введение

Основное внимание уделено задаче формирования у обучаемых адекватный словарный минимум, который позволит извлекать полезные для практики сведения из информативно-несущих источников. Предусмотрены задания и на формирование умений устного общения на освещаемую в разделе тему.

Задания, построенные в форме вопросов и ответов, служат для контроля и самоконтроля степени усвоения лексики и структур.

Заключительный раздел пособия включает текстовые материалы для чтения и задания на извлечение информации из них и устное обсуждение. По уровню языковой и понятийной сложности материалы этих частей пособия можно условно разделить на две группы. В первую входят краткие статьи описательного характера, несложные по содержанию и по характеру синтаксических построений. Статьи построены на широко употребляемой лексике - популярной отраслевой терминологии и частотных словах общетехнического значения.

Кроме чтения и перевода текстовых материалов разной понятийной и языковой сложности, в число задач этих разделов входит развитие и углубление навыков устной речи по темам специальности.

Пояснительная записка

Настоящее пособие предназначено для учащихся строительных техникумов и написано в соответствии с требованиями программы по английскому языку для учащихся средних специальных учебных заведений.

Цель пособия-подготовить учащихся к чтению и переводу со словарем английского языка на русской оригинальной литературы средней трудности по строительству и архитектуре.

В текстах содержится лексика и грамматические структуры, характерные для языка технической литературы. Разнообразие тематике дает возможность осуществления межпредметных связей: время изучения того или иного текста может быть согласовано с изучением соответствующего раздела из курса специальных дисциплин.

К текстам даются упражнения, цель которых- закрепление лексического и грамматического материала. Система лексических упражнений предусматривает: 1) нахождение в текстах ответов на вопросы; 2) дополнение предложений по смыслу; 3)перевод словосочетаний; 4)перевод текстов со словарем и др.

Данное пособие рассчитано на тех, кто уже имеет базовую начальную подготовку по английскому языку: знает фонологическую систему, знаком с основными грамматическими категориями, владеет определенным объемом лексических единиц и речевыми моделями, которые позволяют вести общение в ситуациях социально-бытовой сферы.

Основной целью пособия является развитие речевой деятельности в профессиональной сфере общения речевые модели, формы, языковые средства дают возможность овладеть способами реализации таких интенций, как обоснование, аргументация, доказательство, выражение собственного мнения, описание и т.п.

Перед основным текстом предлагаются вопросы и задания, способствующие введению в тему, определяют цель и задачи урока; задания направленные на проверку понимания прочитанного текста. Система упражнений способствует активному усвоению лексики и грамматического материала. Заключительным этапом являются задания условно-коммуникативного или коммуникативного характера.

Тема №1.

WHY DO PEOPLE BUILD?

№1.

We build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow. Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we need air that warmer or cooler than air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature.

It is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services. Modern services must provide energy, water, communications, and dispose of waste. Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary accommodation people must ventilation. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are preplanned and located on a site plan. A site plan must be prepared and provided for every building and every construction.

In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodation, people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.

What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities. Among them there are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes, and others.

№2. Read and translate the following questions. Put them to your groupmate.

Why do people need shelter?
What king of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?
What branches of modern civil construction do you know?
Do you attend any sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you attend them? Do you attend them regularly?
Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?
What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?

№3. Translate the following examples.

Much air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer sites, many shelters, little sunshine.

№4. Put down the corresponding English words.

They stayed (в помещении) __________ (из-за) __________ the rainy weather.
People build houses (так как) __________ they need (убежище) ______________.
People’s activity takes place both (в доме)___________________ and (на улице)_______________.
Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов) __________ are provided by modern services.
Accommodations are (планируются заранее)_________________ and located on a site plan.

Тема №2.

EXCAVATION

№1.

What does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process necessary for the construction of every modern building.

It is a well-known that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a well-known fact the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should never be placed on organic soils because of this kind are easily decomposed. They are decomposed because water and wind change their structure. So, if the upper stratum of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

What are the major parts of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foundation. The superstructure is the above-ground part of a building; the substructure- its below- ground part. As to the third part-foundation-its function is of great importance as it serves to transfer the loads a building into the upper stratum of earth- its soil.

№2. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

How many major parts does a modern building usually have?
What are the major parts of a building?
How is the above- ground (below- ground) part of a building called?
What is the function of a foundation?
Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?
Which part of organic soil must be removed from the building area?
Why must it be removed?
In what climatic zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?
Have you ever watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building area?

№3. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.

Remove

Rebuild- ______________________________

Re- transfer- ________________________ ______

Destabilize - ______________________________

Dewater - ______________________________

Deactivation - ______________________________

Supervisor - ______________________________

Superheating - ______________________________

Substratum - ______________________________

Subpanel - ______________________________

Degas - ______________________________

Subsoil - ______________________________

№4. Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Translate the combinations.

Attributes: above- ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inorganic, lower, unnecessary

Model: below- ground and above- ground parts

Upper and ____________________ strata

Organic and ____________________ soils

Cold and ____________________ climate

Below and ____________________ the level of freezing

Necessary and ____________________ details

Тема№3.

FOUNDATION.

№1.

It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather- rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually mush simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is know to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

For what reason does every building need stability?
What functions of a foundation do you know?
What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?
What are the loads supported by foundations?
What parts does dead load (live load) include?

№3. Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.

Foundations keep both the (стены и пол) __________ from the contact with the (почва) _______________.
Sinking may cause (трещины) __________ in the walls of a building.
Foundation design may be both (весьма сложный) __________________ and (весьма простой) __________.
The foundations (поддерживаю) ______________ both dead loads and (динамический вес) ______________ of buildings.
The dead load (включает в себя) __________________ the (вес) __________ of electrical and mechanical (оборудование) _____________

№4. Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns, verbs.

Model: Nouns Verbs

Crack Found

Precontrol, include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation, cause, support, flop, sink, wall, transfer.

Test.

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles “Why Do People Build?”, “Excavation”, “Foundation”? In case you fail to do it, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. Mush what we do takes place

a) Indoors

b) Outdoors

2. We need more light

a) By day

That is provided by nature.

b) By night

3. Every construction serves as accommodation

a) For people and enterprises

b) For people, families, organizations and enterprises

4. Sporting facilities include

a) Stadiums and swimming pools

b) Stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes

5. The superstructure of a building is

a) Its above-ground part

b) Its below-ground part

6. The substructure of a building is

a) Its below-ground part

b) Its above-ground part

7. The foundation of a structure transmits its loads

a) Into the lower strata of earth

b) Into the upper stratum of earth

8. a) Organic structure of soil

Must be removed from the building areas.

B) Inorganic structure of soil

9. The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation

a) From rain and sun

b) From water and wind erosion

10. In the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed

a) Below the level of freezing

b) Above the level of freezing

11. Foundations should not be placed

a) On organic soils

b) On inorganic soils

12. Foundations keep the walls and the floors

a) From indirect contact with the soil

b) From direct contact with the soil

13. Sinking may cause

a) Cracks in the walls

b) Cracks in the roofs and the floors

14. Foundation design is

a) Of little importance

For constructions

b) Of primary importance

15. For large (small) buildings foundation design is

a) Rather simple

b) Rather complex

16. Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems

a) Form live loads

b) Form dead loads

17. Live loads include the weights of

a) The people, the furnishings and equipment

b) Water, electricity and ventilation systems

18. Shallow and deep foundations

a) Differ in their cost

b) Have the same cost

19. Shallow foundations are generally

a) More expensive

Than deep ones

b) Less expensive

20. Civil construction includes

a) Industrial and precast concrete types of construction

b) Industrial and military types of construction

Тема №4.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

№1.

Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire-and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

№2. Put these questions to groupmate.

Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
What two groups are metals divided into?
What is the difference between ferrous non-ferrous metals?

№3. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

Metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron.

№4. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advantageous? Disadvantageous?

High cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance

Low resistance low cost high strength

High weight durability corrosion-resistance

Heavy weight hardness softness

№5. Which of words given below are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate every word.

Height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness.

Тема №5.

WOOD.

№1. Read the article

Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire-and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following-it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

№2. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.
Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.
Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the world.
The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

№3. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

Small (полосы) __________________ of wood are (склеены) ____________________ together.
Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен) __________________ for some construction (цеди) ______________ than (доски) __________
(фанерные) __________________panels are made up of (тонкие) ___________________ (деревянные) ___________________ veneers.

Wood veneers laminated wood

Strip of land strips of wood glued together

Тема №6.

TIMBER.

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and work-ability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds woodwork.

№2. Translate the following questions.

What structural materials does timber belong to?
What is it produced from?
What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?
Why is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes?
What are the two main types of timber?
What are softwoods (hardwoods) used for?
How much of the world’s land surface is considered to be covered with forests?
What countries are rich (poor) in forests?

№3. Read the examples. Translate them into English.

Surface area- площадь поверхности

Floor boards- настил

Floor timber- половая балка

Roof iron- кровельное железо

Roof ventilation- потолочный вентилятор

Roofer- кровельщик

№4. Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations given below.

Model: загрязненный воздух- polluted air

Surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes, surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panel.

Слоистая панель- ___________________

Кровельщик- ___________________

Поверхностные трещины- __________________

Полоски земли- ___________________

Химически загрязненный воздух- ___________________

Декоративные цели- ___________________

Химическое загрязнение- ___________________

Шпангоут- ___________________

Поверхностные воды- __________________

Настил- __________________

Кровельное железо- __________________

Тема №7.

METALS.

№1. Read and translate the article.

From the History of Metals.

Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been build in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

№2. Answer the questions given below. Try to do it without consulting the text of the article.

For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?
What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?
When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day condition?
What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?
What is the essence of the Bessemer process?
What was the global result of its invention?
What material is the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?
In what country were the first skyscrapers built?
Are they good to live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

№3. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.

Model: cutter-to cup; фреза-резать

Caster-to _____________; ______________-____________________

Joiner-to _______________; _______________-_________________

Turner-to ______________; _______________-__________________

Iron worker-to _______________; _______________-_____________

Inventor-to _______________; _______________-________________

Introduction-to ________________; ______________-_____________

Invention-to ______________; ______________-_________________

Protection-to ______________; ______________-________________

Elimination-to _____________; ______________-________________

Тема№8.

FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

№1. Read and translate the article.

All metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard-and fire-resistant. The common properties of metals being hardness and high fire-resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

Metals are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

All metals have some common properties: they can be pulled, forged, and melted. They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferroconcrete constructions.

As to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. Metals possess high resistance.

№2. State parts of speech. Translate the words.

Except, forge, meltable, meltability, ferrous, fusible, support, light, conduct, conductor, conductivity.

Тема №9.

STELL, ALUMINUM. ALUMINA

№1. Read and translate the article.

What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This king of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel. Corrosion-resistant materials are known to be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should be carefully designed: their function is to able to carry the loads imposed on them and supported by them.

№2. Translate the terminological combinations.

Ordinary steel ______________________________________

Ordinary structural steel _____________________________________

Controlled amount _______________________________________

Controlled amount of carbon ___________________________________

Alloyed steel ___________________________________

Corrosion-resistant alloyed steel ____________________________________

Steel frames __________________________________

Carefully designed steel frames ___________________________________

Stainless steel ____________________________________

Plant equipment produced of stainless steel _______________________________

Sheet steel ________________________________

Generally used sheet steel __________________________________

№3. Translate the following questions.

What group of metals does steel belong to?
What substances can steel contain?
What amount of carbon does steel generally contain?
What materials can be used for producing plant equipment?
What is the construction purpose of steel frames? For what reason must they be carefully designed?

№1. Read and translate the article.

Aluminum is a considerably new structural material. For a long period it was considered to be rather expensive since its production required the use of electric power. Because of its relatively high cost, aluminum was not very popular as a construction material till the middle of the twentieth century. But now the situation is absolutely different.

Aluminum and aluminum-based alloys are extremely popular and are widely used in various forms for construction purposes.

The advantages of aluminum, compared with other popular metals, are its high strength combined with lightness. High-purity aluminum (about 99% pure) is soft and ductile but its great disadvantage is that it is not strong enough. At the same time it has high corrosion resistance and is used in construction of buildings as bright foil for heat insulation, roofing, exterior and interior architectural ornamentation.

And what about aluminum alloys? They are much more advantageous than pure substance, Aluminum alloys are mush harder and stronger than pure aluminum. Besides, pure aluminum is rather difficult to cast while many of its alloys are extremely easily cast. Pure aluminum is easily alloyed with other metals. And these combinations possess a great variety of usage. For example, when alloyed with copper, aluminum possesses additional strength. Unfortunately, it is mush less corrosion resistive than alloys with manganese, chromium, or magnesium and silicon.

One more advantage of aluminum is that it can be easily remelted over and over again.

Aluminum combined with oxygen forms a new oxide. Its name is alumina. Alumina is a colourless crystallic substance. It is glass hard solid and extremely durable.

It should be also noted that being an excellent conductor aluminum is widely used in power engineering. It serves for long-distance transfer of electric power.

№2. Put down the combinations with the opposite.

Model: powerful transfer-powerless transfer

Short distance- ______________________

Cheap foil- ____________________

Interior ornamentation- ____________________

Unnecessary details- _______________________

Comparable amounts- _______________________

Dirty surfaces- _____________________

Pure atmosphere- ____________________

№3. Which of the qualities listed below can be classified as advantages (disadvantages) of materials used for construction purposes?

Ductability, poor conductance, low durability, high corrosion resistance, high purity, low strength, high cost, low cost, excellent conductance, hardness, workability, poor purity, high strength.

№4. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

Why was aluminum unpopular for a long period?
What good qualities does aluminum possess?
Where is aluminum in the form of bright foil used?
What are the advantages of aluminum alloys?
Can aluminum be remelted?
In what way is alumina produced?
What are its properties?
What does aluminum serve in power engineering for?

Test №10

BRICK.

TERRACOTTA.

CERAMIC TILES.

Text №1.

Read and translate the article.

Brick, stone, and timber are known are to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks were produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Bricks work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

In modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly porous. Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon bricks should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types of bricks with different properties. Bricks properties are of great importance and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction purposes.

№2. Put these questions to your groupmate.

What building materials are considered to be the oldest ones?
What natural (man-made) materials are used for construction nowadays?
Is bricks a newly produced or an ancient building material?
In what countries are rich (poor) in raw materials?
What properties of bricks should be taken into account when choosing material for building purposes?

№3. Choose and put down the correct variant.

Shale and clay belong to (natural, man-made ) __________ materials.
(Metal and glass, clay and mortar ) ___________________ are used for fabricating bricks.
In (prehistoric, modern ) ______________ times bricks (are, were ) __________ made by (drying in the sun, burning ) __________.
Russia is extremely (rich, poor ) ____________ in raw materials.
There were (many, few ) _________ growing forests in Rome in prehistoric times.
Bricks (are extremely different, do not differ ) _________________ in size, colour, and texture.

№4. Translate the following combination into Russian.

Extremely strong and glass hard bricks __________________

Underburnt and highly porous bricks____________________

Clay and shale used as raw materials ____________________

Bricks produced by drying in the sun ____________________

Bricks made of mortar and burnt clay ____________________

Few forests and little timber ____________________________

Many forests and much timber __________________________

Polluted atmosphere and polluted soil _____________________

Eco-friendly production and eco-friendly usage ______________

(eco-friendly-экологически благополучный)

TEST №2.

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles “Construction Materials”, “Wood”, “Brisk”? In case you fail to do so, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

High cost and low fore-resistance are classified as

advantages

Of construction materials

disadvantages

Cement, brick, and concrete may serve as examples of

natural materials
artificial materials

Durability, strength, and high fire-resistance are properties

of stone
of wood

Iron, steel, and alloys belong to

ferrous metals
non-ferrous metals

One of the advantages of cast iron is

its cheapness
its high cost

Aluminum is

a good conductor of electricity
a poor conductor of electricity

Wood is considered to be

the only naturally renewable material
one of the naturally renewable materials

In cut wood water content is

constantly increasing
constantly decreasing

Steel, brick, and concrete

differ in their properties
have the same structural properties

The drier is the cut wood

the lower is its strength
the greater is its strength

Large structural members are produced by glueing together

large strips of wood
small strips of wood

Wood panels are

mush easier to install than boards
mush more difficult to install than boards

Plywood panels are made up of

thin wooden veneers glued together
thick wooden veneers glued together

Timber is material that is

artificially renewed
naturally renewed

Removal of moisture from timber

increases its strength, hardness, and workability
decreases its strength, hardness, and workability

Birch and oak belong to

hardwoods
softwoods

Hardwoods are widely used

for sanitary purposes
for decorative purposes

In ancient Egypt bricks were produced

by burning
by drying in the sun

Russian is

poor in raw materials
extremely rich in raw materials

Overburned brick

should not be used in construction
can be used for construction purposes

Underburned brick is

highly porous
glass hard

Bricks are produced of

sand and water
mortar and burned clay

Many/Few growing forests serve for producing

mush timber
little timber

The properties of building materials

are of no importance for building purposes
should be taken into account

Ceramic tiles are

modern products
ancient products

World’s modern atmosphere is

clean and fresh
highly polluted by chemical waste

The colour of ceramic tiles

does not depend on the colour of clay
depends on the colour of the clay they are made up of

Ceramic tiles are applied by means of

glue
some adhesive substance

They are applied with an extremely

thin mortar joint
thick mortar

The properties of terracotta are

different from the properties of brick
similar to the properties of brick

Translate the following sentences.

Construction of the bridge is expected to begin next spring.
Salmon brick being under burnt and highly porous, it cannot be recommended for wide use.
Design work is known to be finished by this fall (autumn)
Terracotta exists in a wide variety of colour, their colour depending on the colour of glaze they are covered with.
Safety zones are said to be built in the nearest future.
Brick, stone, and timber being the oldest construction materials, they have been and are widely used all over the world.

Тема №11

CONCRETE.

№1. Read and translate the article.

Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, Concrete is known to be fire-and decay-resistant.

Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.

There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exit the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-concrete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

№2. Translate the following questions into Russian.

What properties make concrete a highly used construction material?
What two types of aggregate are used for producing concrete?
Is sand a coarse or fine aggregate?
What ingredients does the quality of concrete depend upon?
How long does the process of hardening the mixed components last?
What is the difference between the so-called in-situ and precast concrete?
What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?
For what reason is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?
For what purpose are metals introduced into the structure of concrete?
What metals is concrete frequently combined with?
When did the use of ferro-concrete start?
Would you like to live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?

№3. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

Concrete slab- бетонная плита

Slab roof- кровля из плит

Tensile strength- прочность на растяжение

Site of foundation- пласт под фундаментом

Slab covering- настил из плит

№4. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

The very site of construction Proportionally divided amounts

Carefully mixed aggregates The very site of production

№5. Combine the given attributes a) with the given nouns; b) follow the Russian combinations.

Model: дробленый гравий- crushed gravel

crushed, coarse, fine
sand, gravel, aggregate

Дробленый песок- ________________________________________

Крупный гравий- _________________________________________

Мелкозернистый заполнитель- ______________________________

TEST №3.

Choose the correct variant.

Devices intended for light framing are made of

sheet metal
metal plate

Devices made of metal plate are used

for heavy timber
for light framing

Wood fasteners include

nails and bolts
nails, screws, bolts, anchors

Steel used for nails

is uncoated steel
is coated steel

The main property of finish nails is

that they have flat heads
that they are headless

Finish nails

differ in length from common nails
are the same length as common nails

Nails of a corrosion-resistant type

cannon be exposed to moisture
can be exposed to rain, snow and fog

Nails are popular for fastening wood since

they are simple to insert
they require no predrilling of holes

Screws have

only flat heads
round, flat, and raised heads

Screws are

little used in light framing
much used in light framing

Screws

cannot be reinserted
can be reinserted

The roof serves

for ornamental purposes
for protecting the interior of the building

The pitched roofs

do not dry themselves quickly of water
dry themselves quickly of water

The covering of pitched roofs consists of

small individual units
large heavy units

The advantages of flat roofs are

that they can cover very broad buildings
that they can serve as balconies and decks

Thatched roofing is mostly used

for country buildings
for roofs in big cities
for historically restorated buildings

The action of snow load and wind pressure

is the same on flat roofs and pitched ones
is quite different on flat roofs and pitched ones

The snow load on flat roofs

is at the minimum
is at the maximum

When the pitch of the roof increases

the weight of the snow load decreases
the weight of the snow load increases

In modern constructions the variants of the ceilings

limited
limitless

Nowadays ceilings are produced of

artificial materials
both natural and artificial materials

Ceilings may be attached to

wood joists
wood joists, steel joists, and wood rafters

Suspended ceilings are produced of

various boards made of fibers
gypsum, board, plaster and boards made of fibers

Mechanical and electrical systems

can be subject to frequent change and damage
are never subject to frequent change and damage

Articles for Reading and Translating

Steam Vents

For a steam system to work properly, air must be eliminated from the piping and radiators. This process is accomplished with vent valves.

Radiator vents are located on the opposite side of where steam enters a radiator in one-pipe system.

Main steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one-and two-pipe systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

Main steam vents are located on the end of the main supply line in one and two-pipe systems; they are located in vertical risers in two-pipe systems.

Traps

The trap’s job is to separate steam from condensate. The following are two of the more common types of traps found today:

Thermostatic radiator trap- Located on the bottom of the radiator in a two-pipe system, this trap, actuated by steam pressure, keeps steam in the radiator while regulating the discharge of air and condensate.

Float and thermostatic trap-Typically located at the end of a supply main in a two-pipe gravity return system, this trap prevents steam from reaching the dry return piping. The thermostat in the trap will allow the discharge of air until it senses steam. Condensate is discharged and regulated by way of the float. The two functions act independently of each other.

Controls

Low-water cutoff- A safety control that monitors the water level in a boiler via an electronic probe or float. If the water drops below a predetermined safe operating level, the control turns off the burner and prevents the boiler from overheating.

Automatic water feeder- This safety automatically adds water to the boiler if the water drops below a safe operating level.

Read, translate the articles and enjoy the pictures of construction masterpieces.

1. Wood

It is a well-known fact that in prehistoric times the great part of the world’s land surface was covered with forests. In places, where trees grew, man used wood to build homes for himself and his dependents.

The durability of wood and its use can be demonstrated, for example, by the existence of such buildings as churches of Scandinavia.

In Russia, where sub-zero temperatures are quite common, wood has been widely used for both houses and churches because of its property of insulation against cold. Many old Russian churches wooden, even to the onion-shaped domes with which they are decorated.

2. Russia. Kolomenskoye

Kolomenskoye, a gem of old Russian construction and architecture, was an estate of the tsars. It is situated on the tall banks of the Moskva River. It is the site of the famous church of the Ascension of Christ (1532). Its height, beauty, and brightness have delighted many generations. Some other 16 th -and 17 th -centure buildings still exist in Kolomenskoe. A museum has been established with valuable collections of Russian tiles, carvings in wood and examples of the ancient Russian timber houses, including the little house of Peter I moved from its original site in Archangelsk.

3. Sweden. Stockholm.

The Royal Palace

The Royal Palace in Stockholm is one of the largest and mast living palaces in Europe. It houses a historical collection of European and Swedish art from the Middle Ages through to the present day. Built in the Italian baroque style, the palace was completed in 1754.

The Royal Palace is the residence of His Majesty the King of Sweden. It is also the place of official functions and receptions. In between official receptions, the Royal Apartments are open to the general public.

4. Plastics

Materials other than reinforced concrete are also being widely used in modern construction for prefabrication. The plastics that were unknown only a few decades ago have become extremely important and widely used for construction purposes. The plastics being used nowadays possess many advantages. First of all they extremely light and their tensile strength is greater than that of many metals. Besides, they are weather-resistant and resistant to attacks by industrial fumes and to a great number of chemical substances. Some of the examples of the constructive use of plastic materials have been been domes housing radar antennae and electronic equipment. Such domes built in America and Canada are as high as 116 feet.

The panels of the domes are made of polystyrene and polyurethane foam and are protected by glass cloth cemented to the fume panels with epoxy resin. Some other dome structures are made from panels of thin sheets of reinforced fiberglass. Up till that time fiber-glass was familiar as a roofing material. Now it is becoming more and more popular in the manufacture of panels. The methods by which plastic shapes are produced has led to a new approach to constructional and architectural forms.

5. Canada. “Habitat”

Multiple housing known as “Habitat” may serve as an example of unfamiliar forms of design. These new forms may be said to have the most stimulating effect on the development of construction and architecture. They provide the answer to problems that are still unsolved.

Тексты для аудирования.

1. FUEL ECONOMY

Vapor retarders have received increased attention and are becoming extremely popular in connection with the problem of fuel economy.

A vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic or paper. It is placed on the warm side of thermal insulation. Its function consists in keeping water vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid. As thermal insulation levels increase, the role of vapor retarders increases also. That is reason for high-quality vapor retarders being widely installed in constructions of different types.

2. WINDOWS

Windows were formerly made on the job site by highly skilled carpenters, but are now produced almost exclusively in factories. Some manufacturers make a range of standard sized from which the designer can select, while others build windows to order. The rationale for factory production in either case is one of higher efficiency, lower cost, and most importantly, better quality. Windows need to be made to a very high standard of precision if they are to operate easily and maintain a high degree of weathertightness over a period of many years. In cold climates especially, a loosely fitted window with single glass and a frame that is highly conductive of heat will significantly increase heating fuel consumption for a building, cause noticeable discomfort to the people in the building, and create large quantities of condensate to stain and decay finish materials in and the window.

TYPES OF WINDOWS

Figure 6 illustrates in diagrammatic form the window types used most commonly in Wood Light frame buildings. Fixed windows are the least expensive and the least likely to leak air or water because they have no openable components. Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are the frames in which the glass is mounted. The sashes slide up and down in tracks in the frame of the window. In older windows the sashes were held in position by cords and counterweights, but today’s double-hung windows rely on a system of springs to counter-balance the weight of the sashes. A sliding window is essentially a single-hung window on its side, and shares with single-hung and double-hung windows the advantage that the sashes are always securely held in tracks in the frame. This allows the sashes to be more lightly built than those in projected windows.

3. CONCRETE (A BIT OF HISTORY)

The ancient Romans discovered a mineral on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. The mineral when mixed with limestone and burned, produced cement, that hardened underwater as well as in the air. This cement was harder and stronger than the ordinary lime mortar they had been using. As time passed, the new material not only became the preferred type for use in all their building projects but changed the character of Roman construction. Masonry of stone or brick was used to construct only the surfaces of masonry piers and walls but the interiors were filled with large amounts of the new type of mortar.

We now know that mortar continued the main ingredient of modern Portland cement. Thus, one can say that the Romans were the inventors of concrete constructions.

With the fall of the Roman Empire, knowledge of concrete construction was lost. But in the eighteenth century English inventors began experimenting with both natural and artificially produced cements. In 1824 an artificial cement, named Portland cement, was patented. This type of cement soon became very popular and the name Portland is in common use in the present day.

4. CLIMATIC AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

Orientation and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where environmental and climatic factors have a significant effect. Structural design, style and materials should be compatible with local climatic and weather conditions. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into account while designing a structure and its roof. Tall buildings are not recommended in places where strong winds, humidity or fog are likely and bring damage.

Solar radiation can be also unpleasant, but if it is controlled, it can bring many advantages. Among these advantages there may be water heating through solar panels.

Local industries and their disposition should be also taken into account and controlled as atmospheric and pollution may be highly injurious and bring mush harm.

Location and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site plan, worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. Sanitary accommodation is of primary importance. All conveniences must have ventilation, a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fasterings.

Answer the questions

Why should flat roofs avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls?
Which variable loads should be taken into account?
For what reasons are tall buildings not recommended in areas where winds and fogs are frequent?
What advantages can solar radiation bring?
For what reasons should local industries be controlled?

Заключение

Методические принципы построения определялись конкретными задачами, вытекающими из его основной цели- научить читать иностранный текст по специальности с непосредственным пониманием читаемого, т.е. не прибегая к его анализу и переводу. Доминирующая роль в пособии отводится развитию и умений и навыков различных подвидов чтения.

Задача развития навыков устной речи решается в пособии лишь частично, в плане профессиональной направленности речи, что обусловлено тематикой текстов.

В соответствии с поставленными целями упражнения построены и расположены так, чтобы научить студентов самостоятельно работать с иностранным текстом, обеспечить извлечение заключенной в тексте информации с постепенным (от упражнения к упражнению) ее уточнением и детализацией. С этой целью предусматриваются упражнения, развивающие умение выделять основные мысли, положения, факты и группировать их по принципу общности; упражнения на конкретизацию основной информации; упражнения на тематические обобщения, подводящие к умению аннотировать и реферировать текст; лексические и словообразовательные упражнения, развивающие языковую догадку; упражнения по технике перевода для уточнения понимания читаемого.

По своему характеру и пол форме ряд упражнений построен по принципам текста с опорой на контекстуальную догадку и с использованием элемента подсказки (т.е. не столько тренирующие упражнения, сколько обучающие, стимулирующие логическое мышление). Используются различные способы сигнализации понимания читаемого. Применительно к различным видам упражнений широко используются известные формы заданий текстов: выбор правильного - неправильного варианта, сочетаемость, расположение в заданной последовательности и множественный выбор. По наполнению упражнения построены на предложениях, взятых из текстов,и выполнение их является по существу многократным чтением текста с конкретно поставленной в каждом случае новой задачей. К каждому тексту предусматриваются также упражнения, имеющие целью развития умения дать мотивированный ответ.

Список используемой литературы

1.Ажищев Н.И. «Профессия-строитель», Москва, высшая школа, 2009г.

2.Безручко Е.Н. «Английский для строителей», Москва высшая школа, 2001г. Издательский центр «Март», 2010г.

3.Горбунова Е.В., Гришина М.М. «Современный город» 2-ое издание- М.: Высшая школа, 2004г.

4.Иванов В.Ф. «Конструкция зданий и сооружений» М.: Издательство по строительству 1998г.

5.Носенко И.А. «Пособие по английскому языку»; М.: Высшая школа 2004г.

6.Плеканова Р.М. «Английский для строителей» Ростов-на-Дону, Издательский центр «Март»,2008г.

7.Пономоренко В.И. «Сборник текстов на английском языке». М.: «Высшая школа»,2002г.

8.Луговая А.Л. английский язык для строительных специальностей средних профессиональных учебных заведений. Учебное пособие Москва «Высшая школа»,2008г.

9.Дубинина Г.А. Английский язык. Практикум для развития навыков профессионального ориентированного речевого общения. Издательство «Экзамен». Москва 2006г.

План урока

Дисциплина:“Английский язык”

Тема: Buildingmaterials\Строительные материалы

Тип занятия: урок усвоения нового материала

Используемые методы: частично-поисковый, контроль, репродуктивный, упражнение, самостоятельная работа студентов.

Цели занятия:

Обучающая: Способствовать обучению профессиональной лексики по теме:“Строительные материалы”, формированию репродуктивных умений, содействовать активизации лексического материала по данной теме.
Воспитательная: Содействовать воспитанию всесторонне развитой личности, cпособствовать воспитанию чувства уважения к иностранному языку, создать условия для развития и углубления интересов студентов в выбранной ими области знания, в частности как средство получения профессионально-значимой информации.
Развивающая:
Развитие:
навыков интегрированного труда во время учебных занятий,
логического мышления,
навыков общения,
памяти и внимания.

Межпредметные связи: предметы профессионально-технического цикла.

После изучения темы студент должен:

знать:
типы строительных материалов, состав строительных материалов, лексический минимум по данной теме, грамматический материал: страдательный залог настоящего простого времени.
уметь:
воспринимать и переводить иностранную речь, работать со словарем, употреблять в речи страдательный залог настоящего времени, выполнять грамматические упражнения.

План занятия.

Организационный момент – 5 мин.
1. постановка целей и задач
2. актуализация знаний
Ознакомление с новым лексическим материалом – 20–25мин.
1. фонетическая отработка лексических единиц по теме
2. введение и отработка новых лексических единиц
Закрепление. Отработка НЛЕ по теме – 40 мин.
1. на основе текста, выполнение упражнений к тексту
2. самостоятельная работа (работа в группах)
Подведение итогов урока – 10 мин.
1. домашнее задание
2. рефлексия
3. выставление оценок

Оснащенность урока:

Учебно-методическое пособие.
Словари.
Раздаточный материал по новой лексике.
Иллюстративный материал
Оформление доски

Ход занятия

1. Приветствие и вступительное слово преподавателя (Greeting): объявление темы, цели, плана занятия.

Hello, dear students. I hope you are all f ine, aren’t you? So tell me please, who is absent today? Are you ready to work? Haven’t you forgotten your exercise – books at home?

Today we shall do some interesting work that refers to building industry.

2. Warm-up activity (языковая разминка): So, students, look at the blackboard, please. Here you can find some words and transcription.

Your task is to go to the blackboard and find transcription for each word. And then try to translate this word.

(Соедините слово с его транскрипцией):

quebracho
timber
concrete
steel
lime
stone
brick
sand
fine sand
masonry
mortar
plaster

["mo:tə]
["meisnri]

["konkri:t]
["timbə]

Tell me please, what is your profession? (Скажите, кто вы по профессии) Do you work with building materials? (вы работаете со строительными материалами?) Doyoulikeit? (Нравится?)

Canyoulayabrick? (Вы умеете класть кирпич?)

Did you built anything? (Что-нибудь строили?)

In order to build a house or road, you should know what building materials exist, so we must learn types of building materials (Для того чтобы простроить дом иль дорогу, вам следует знать какие строительные материалы существуют).

So, could you tell me the topic of our lesson? (Вы догадались, какая тема урока сегодня?)

Yes, you are right. (Правильно)

Let’s open your ex-books and write down the date and the topic of the lesson (открываем тетради и записываем число).

Very good. What building materials do you know in Russian? (какие строительные материалы вы знаете на русском?). ButwhatisforEnglish “кирпич” andsoon.

Look at the cards. I suggest you to play a game. Let’s read words try to mach English and Russian words. (Посмотрите на карточки. Я вам предлагаю игру. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским)

I give you five minutes (явамдаю 5 минут). Let’s check (Проверяем). Name one by one (называем по очереди). If it is wrong, correct it (если не правильно, то исправляем).

3. Go on our work with the words (продолжаем работу с лексикой). Look at these lists (Посмотрите на тексты). Let’s read this text sentence by sentence, try to translate (Читаем по очереди каждое предложение и переводим). Some questions are there for you (и после текста будем выполнять задания)(см. Приложение 1 . )

I. Read and translate the following sentences and find the passive voice (Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, найдите в тексте случаи употребления страдательного залога):

Timber, concrete, steel, lime, gypsum, cement are used in the building construction.

The building brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand.

The most important building materials may now be considered to be structural steel and concrete

II. Pick out from the text all the words denoting building materials; give their translations into Russian (выберите из текста все слова, которые относятся к строительным материалам).

III. Answer the questions (Ответьте на вопросы):

1. What materials are used in building construction?

2. What materials form very important elements in masonry structures?

3. What is the most accurate method of measuring proportions?

IV. Let’s make groups and prepare for the information using this text (Давайте разделимся на группы и каждая группа готовит сообщение, пользуясь текстом):

Important building materials. 2. Brick. 3. Timber. 4. Lime.

Summarizing (подведение итогов). Shortly, what did we study today? What was new for you, St1, St2…

Look at the board again(Взгляните на доску). One person from each group goes to the blackboard and writes what it is (один студент из группы выходит к доске и пишет название строительного материала).

Guess, please, what it is? (Отгадайте, что это) (см. Приложение 2 .)

Home task (Домашнее задание): To learn these words by heart.

Thank you for your work at lesson. Your worktoday rather good. But some of you were very active. I give you “a five”. Other students have made a lot of progress. I put them “a four”. You need some more practice with…

Introspection (рефлексия): To find out students attitude to work at the lesson.

Did you like the way we have worked today? Any comments? Have you questions? Good-bye.

Литература:

Грязнова С.С. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов строительного профиля. – Сургут, 2010 – 44с.
Восковская А.С., Карпова Т.А. Английский язык для средних специальных учебных заведений. – М.: Феникс, 2006.
Англо-русский строительный словарь.: – М., 1961.
Горбунова Е.В. и др. Пособие по английскому языку дл студентов II–III курсов строительных вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1978.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 1 VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY

1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text "Building Engineering as a Discipline" and translate the given sentences.

1. build (built) v - строить

building n - здание, строение, сооружение; строительство

building design - проектирование зданий They build new houses in that area. Types of buildings may be

classified according to the role in the community. Modern building

constitutes a vital element of national industry.

2. construct v - строить, сооружать
construction n - строительство, стройка
building construction - домостроение

They are planning to construct a new supermarket near our house. The factors that condition the selection of materials for construction include availability, cost and physical properties. During building construction, several things went wrong.

3. building engineering [,end3i"ni3rm] -- строительство гражданских зданий
civil engineering ["sivl] - гражданское строительство structural engineering ["strAktfral] - проектирование зданий и сооружений

Building science and building engineering are fields of study concerned with the technical performance of buildings, building materials, and building systems. I am doing a civil engineering course at the university, which is very hard, but I am really enjoying it. Structural engineering has made rapid strides in the last century.

4. air-conditioning ["eaksn.dijnin] n - кондиционирование
air-conditioner n - кондиционер

Buildings have air-conditioning. There are many similarities in the way an air-conditioner -works to the way a refrigerator works.

5. mean (meant ) v- значить; подразумевать
means n - средство, способ; ресурсы

by means of - посредством

The red light means "Stop". They didn"t provide me with any means of transport. The tests were marked by means of a computer.

6. diverse яа^"- разнообразный, разный
diversity n - разнообразие, многообразие

The growing building industry offers diverse job opportunities. He has a great diversity of interests.

7. impact ["impa?kt] - n воздействие, влияние

The computer has had (made) a great impact on modern life.

8. measure ["тезэ] - п умера; измерять, иметь размеры
measurement ["тезэтэпг] п - размер, измерение

We take certain measures to reduce the consumption of the material. She measured the table. This table measures two metres

Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей

UNIT 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

By one metre. We can find the size of something by means of measurement.

9. vary ["vean] v - менять, изменять, варьировать

various ["vearias] adj - различный, разный, разнообразный variety n - разнообразие

Steel varies considerably in its microstructure. The demand for various building materials is enormous. A wide variety of mass-produced elements are now available.

10. maintain v - обслуживать, содержать в ис
правности, поддерживать, сохранять, содержать
maintenance ["meintanans] n - уход, содержание в ис
правности, текущий ремонт, поддержка, содержание,
сохранение

Some floor materials are easy to maintain. These operations involve the construction, maintenance of structures, grounds, and so on.

11. structure ["strAktfa] n - конструкция, сооружение, стро
ение, здание, конструкция

building structure - строительная конструкция, здание

Wood structures were very common in earlier times. The more insulation we provide, the more the building structure costs.

12. foundation n - фундамент

First they laid the foundation, and then they built the walls.

13. computer-aided design (CAD) - автоматизированное проектирование

Today, the use of Computer-Aided Design techniques has revolutionised design and construction processes within the industry.

14. facility n - устройство, приспособление, обо
рудование; сооружение; {pi.) условия, возможности,
средства

A new facility had been built just outside the city to process all the sewage. The new factory has enabled to bring research and development activities under the same roof as all production facilities.

15. perform v - исполнять, выполнять, совершать
performance и - производительность, эф
фективность, кпд; эксплуатационные характеристики;
работа

They perform a considerable amount of building work at the factory. This enables us to ensure the good performance of the beams.

16. utility n - (pl.) инженерные сети; коммуналь
ные услуги; коммунальные предприятия обслуживания
(сооружения)

conservation utility [,konsa"veifn] - управление по охране природы и рационального природопользования

The introduction of urban utilities improved life in the city.

17. survey ["sa:vei] n v - топографическая съемка
(служба); производить топографическую съемку, меже
вать

surveying n - съемка, промер, картирование surveyor n - геодезист, маркшейдер

Surveys are made for many purposes, such as the determination of areas, and the plotting of maps. They started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through. Surveying is employed to measure and locate lines and angles on the surface of the earth. Many new instruments are employed to facilitate the surveyor"s work.